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Rsync

安装

Install the rsync package using pacman:

# pacman -S rsync

使用方法

For more examples, search the Community Contributions and General Programming forums.

作为 cp 的替代

rsync can be used as an advanced cp alternative, especially for copying larger files:

$ rsync -P source destination

The -P option is the same as --partial --progress, which keeps partially transferred files and shows a progress bar during transfer.

You may want to use the -r --recursive option to recurse into directories, or the -R option for using relative path names (recreating entire folder hierarchy on the destination folder).

作为备份工具

The rsync protocol can easily be used for backups, only transferring files that have changed since the last backup. This section describes a very simple scheduled backup script using rsync, typically used for copying to removable media. For a more thorough example, see Full system backup with rsync.

自动备份

For the sake of this example, the script is created in the /etc/cron.daily directory, and will be run on a daily basis if a cron daemon is installed and properly configured. Configuring and using cron is outside the scope of this article.

First, create a script containing the appropriate command options:

/etc/cron.daily/backup

#!/bin/bash
rsync -a --delete /folder/to/backup /location/to/backup &> /dev/null

-a  indicates that files should be archived, meaning that most of their characteristics are preserved (but not ACLs, hard links or extended attributes such as capabilities) --delete  means files deleted on the source are to be deleted on the backup aswell

Here, /folder/to/backup should be changed to what needs to be backed-up (/home, for example) and /location/to/backup is where the backup should be saved (/media/disk, for instance).

Finally, the script must be executable:

# chmod +x /etc/cron.daily/rsync.backup

自动用 SSH 备份

If backing-up to a remote host using SSH, use this script instead:

/etc/cron.daily/backup

#!/bin/bash
rsync -a --delete -e ssh /folder/to/backup remoteuser@remotehost:/location/to/backup &> /dev/null

-e ssh  tells rsync to use SSH remoteuser  is the user on the host remotehost -a  groups all these options -rlptgoD (recursive, links, perms, times, group, owner, devices)

自动与 NetworkManager 备份

This script starts a backup when you plugin your wire.

First, create a script containing the appropriate command options:

/etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/backup

#!/bin/bash

if [ x"$2" = "xup" ] ; then
  rsync --force --ignore-errors -a --delete --bwlimit=2000 --files-from=files.rsync /folder/to/backup /location/to/backup
fi

-a  group all this options -rlptgoD recursive, links, perms, times, group, owner, devices --files-from  read the relative path of /folder/to/backup from this file --bwlimit  limit I/O bandwidth; KBytes per second

Differential backup on a week

This is a useful option of rsync, creating a full backup and a differential backup for each day of a week.

First, create a script containing the appropriate command options:

/etc/cron.daily/backup

#!/bin/bash

DAY=$(date +%A)

if [ -e /location/to/backup/incr/$DAY ] ; then
  rm -fr /location/to/backup/incr/$DAY
fi

rsync -a --delete --inplace --backup --backup-dir=/location/to/backup/incr/$DAY /folder/to/backup/ /location/to/backup/full/ &> /dev/null

--inplace  implies --partial update destination files in-place

快照备份

The same idea can be used to maintain a tree of snapshots of your files. In other words, a directory with date-ordered copies of the files. The copies are made using hardlinks, which means that only files that did change will occupy space. Generally speaking, this is the idea behind Apple’s TimeMachine.

This script implements a simple version of it:

/usr/local/bin/rsnapshot.sh

#!/bin/bash

## my own rsync-based snapshot-style backup procedure
## (cc) marcio rps AT gmail.com

# config vars

SRC="/home/username/files/" #dont forget trailing slash!
SNAP="/snapshots/username"
OPTS="-rltgoi --delay-updates --delete --chmod=a-w"
MINCHANGES=20

# run this process with real low priority

ionice -c 3 -p $$
renice +12  -p $$

# sync

rsync $OPTS $SRC $SNAP/latest >> $SNAP/rsync.log

# check if enough has changed and if so
# make a hardlinked copy named as the date

COUNT=$( wc -l $SNAP/rsync.log|cut -d" " -f1 )
if [ $COUNT -gt $MINCHANGES ] ; then
   DATETAG=$(date +%Y-%m-%d)
   if [ ! -e $SNAP/$DATETAG ] ; then
      cp -al $SNAP/latest $SNAP/$DATETAG
      mv $SNAP/rsync.log $SNAP/$DATETAG
   fi
fi

To make things really, really simple this script can be run out of /etc/rc.local.